大而美法案對少數族裔經濟發展的影響

2025年，美國國會通過了引發廣泛關注的《大而美法案》（One Big Beautiful Bill），這項涵蓋面廣泛、結構龐大的立法，被形容為一場針對經濟、社區與稅制的全方位改革。對於全美各地的亞裔、非裔、拉丁裔與原住民社區而言，這項法案帶來的不只是政策上的變動，更是影響深遠的機會與挑戰。

首先，法案中最受矚目的部分之一，是對於可負擔住房與弱勢社區重建的大力支持。透過擴大「低收入住房稅額抵免計畫」（LIHTC）與鼓勵投資「機會區」（Opportunity Zones），聯邦政府承諾在未來十年間創造超過五十萬戶可負擔住宅，並特別針對農村與原住民地區提供額外獎勵。這對許多長期遭遇房價壓力、租金上漲的移民社區而言，是一項極具實質意義的扶持。

其次，針對小企業與家族型經營者，法案讓原本即將到期的199A稅收扣抵永久化，並提升扣除比例至23%。這對許多亞裔與其他少數族裔經營的餐館、洗衣店、診所、媒體機構等小型企業而言，是雪中送炭的好消息。這類企業在過去數年疫情與通膨的雙重打擊下搖搖欲墜，如今終於獲得喘息空間與再投資的可能。

然而，這一切的政策利多，卻是以大幅削減社會安全網為代價換來的。法案大幅減少了對Medicaid（醫療補助）與SNAP（糧食券）等社會福利的撥款，預計數百萬人將因此失去醫療保障與糧食援助，而這其中，又以弱勢族裔家庭受影響最為嚴重。對於那些尚未穩定立足、仍需依靠公共援助的低收入戶來說，這無疑是另一層風險與不確定性。

因此，我們必須以審慎的態度來看待「大而美法案」：它的確在住房、創業與社區投資上為少數族裔帶來前所未有的機會，但同時也提醒我們，任何經濟繁榮的假象若建立在削弱基本民生保障之上，終究會導致更深層的不平等與社會撕裂。

未來的關鍵在於：我們的社區是否能夠積極參與資源分配的過程，確保聯邦撥款真正落實於基層？我們的企業與組織是否準備好擁抱轉型，把握這波振興契機？我們的聲音是否能在政策制定者面前被聽見，被尊重，被回應？

這是一場關於未來的考驗，而我們，必須用行動來作答。

The Impact Of The “One Big Beautiful Act" On Minority Economic Development

In 2025, the U.S. Congress passed the much-discussed One Big Beautiful Bill—a sweeping, ambitious piece of legislation aimed at overhauling key aspects of the economy, taxation, and community development. For minority communities across the country—Asian American, African American, Latino, Native American—this legislation represents not just a shift in policy, but a moment of both opportunity and uncertainty.

One of the most notable features of the bill is its strong investment in affordable housing and community revitalization. By expanding the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) and encouraging investment in Opportunity Zones, the federal government plans to create over 500,000 affordable housing units over the next decade. These measures specifically target underserved rural and tribal areas, but many urban immigrant enclaves—long burdened by rising rents and gentrification—stand to benefit as well.

Equally significant is the bill’s permanent extension of the Section 199A small business tax deduction, increasing the deduction rate to 23%. This is particularly meaningful for the thousands of small, family-run businesses operated by minority entrepreneurs—restaurants, laundromats, clinics, local newspapers—many of which struggled to survive the economic shocks of the pandemic and inflation. Now, they may finally have the breathing room and capital to recover and reinvest.

However, these gains come at a high cost. To fund these provisions, the bill makes deep cuts to the social safety net. Medicaid and SNAP (food assistance) are among the hardest hit, with projections showing that millions could lose access to healthcare and food support. These reductions disproportionately affect low-income families of color, many of whom still rely on public assistance to meet basic needs.

Thus, we must view the Big and Beautiful Act with cautious optimism. It indeed opens new doors in housing, entrepreneurship, and community development for minority populations. But if prosperity is built on a weakened safety net, the long-term risks could outweigh the short-term gains, deepening inequality and social division.

The challenge now is ours. Can our communities mobilize to ensure that these federal resources reach the grassroots? Are our local organizations and small businesses ready to seize this moment of revitalization? Will our voices be heard by the policymakers shaping our future?

This is a test of resilience, vision, and unity. And it’s up to us to rise to the occasion—with action and not just hope.